Input

Layer: kernel (good)

Input in good is declared as actions, not polled as keys. You declare what the player can do; a binding says what currently produces it. That indirection is what makes rebinding a one-line assignment, not a rewrite.

class PlayerSystem extends GameSystem with FixedTickable {
  final movement = Input.of(
    const Vec2Binding(
      up: InputKey.w, down: InputKey.s,
      left: InputKey.a, right: InputKey.d,
    ),
  );
  final fire = Input.of(const TriggerBinding(InputKey.spacebar));

  @override
  void onFixedUpdate() {
    final direction = movement.value;   // a Vector2
    if (fire.value) shoot();            // a bool — held
    // ...
  }
}

Input.of declares the action on the field that holds it. V comes off the binding, so movement is an Input<Vector2> and fire an Input<bool> without either being written out. An action nothing binds yet has nothing to infer from, so that one says so: Input.of<bool>().

The initialiser is a plain final, and has to be. late final fire = Input.of(...) compiles and runs on the first read — long after boot sealed the registry — so the action would be refused outright. It throws at the declaration instead, naming the shape.

Declare inputs on a GameSystem (keeping the action beside the loop that reads it) or on the Game (for actions several systems share). All sources share one descriptor, so a type-level default registered anywhere is visible everywhere.

Input.of works on both, and for the same reason: an action is built inert where it is written and resolved against the raw input block by the boot pass, so nothing has to be open while the fields initialise.

The hook survives on both as well, and there is one thing that needs it: hasDefaultValue hands nothing back, so it has no field to live on. Either owner may use both forms at once — its fields declare first, its hook second:

class MyGame extends Game {
  final openMenu = Input.of(const TriggerBinding(InputKey.escape));

  late final Input<double> throttle;

  @override
  void describeInputs(InputDescriptor input) {
    super.describeInputs(input);
    input.hasDefaultValue<double>(0);
    throttle = input.has<double>();
  }
}

That game starts as Game.start(MyGame.new) — a constructor, not an instance. Building it yourself leaves Input.of with no registry to declare into, and it says so rather than declaring into nothing.

Where values come from

Raw key, button and contact state is collected on the Flutter isolate by whatever GameView is in the tree, and resolved on the game isolate once per fixed tick. Your action's value is therefore stable for the whole step — every system in a step sees the same input.

No GameView, no input

A game with no GameView in the widget tree has nothing feeding it, so every action reads its default forever. That is correct instead of broken, and it is why defaults are mandatory.

Reading an action

value is the normal read. It is typed as whatever you declared, so an Input<bool> reads as a plain bool and an Input<Vector2> as a vector:

if (fire.value) shoot();                 // held
final direction = movement.value;        // (0, -1) while W is down

Member	Meaning
value	The value as of the most recent resolution. What you usually want
wasPressedThisFrame	The rising edge — true on exactly the tick it became actuated
wasReleasedThisFrame	The falling edge. Never true on the same resolution as a press
binding	What currently produces the value, or null if unbound
pressed / released	Event streams

Held versus the edge

For an Input<bool> the two are genuinely different questions, and reaching for the wrong one is the classic input bug:

if (fire.value) shoot();                 // fires every tick it is held — full auto
if (fire.wasPressedThisFrame) shoot();   // fires once per press — semi-auto

value is what the binding resolves to; the edge flags are computed from whether it is actuated, compared against the previous resolution. For a TriggerBinding those coincide, so wasPressedThisFrame is simply value && !valueLastTick.

Use value for anything continuous — movement, holding a shield up, a throttle. Use the edge for anything that should happen once per press: jumping, toggling a menu, a semi-automatic weapon, confirming a dialogue.

The edge works on non-bool actions too

This is the reason the flags exist instead of being left to bool actions. Vec2Binding is actuated when any of its four keys is down, so an Input<Vector2> can answer "did the player start moving this tick" — a question value cannot answer, because a vector has no previous-frame comparison built into it.

if (movement.wasPressedThisFrame) startWalkAnimation();
if (movement.wasReleasedThisFrame) startIdleAnimation();

wasPressedThisFrame and wasReleasedThisFrame are mutually exclusive by construction — down && !was and !down && was cannot both hold — so a press and a release can never land on the same resolution.

Do not keep value past the tick

For a Vector2 this returns the one instance the action owns and mutates in place on every resolution — not a fresh copy per read, which would be a heap allocation per read per tick. Storing it in a field stores something that silently changes under you next tick.

final v = movement.value;            // fine — used this tick
_saved = movement.value;             // WRONG — aliases the live instance
_saved = Vector2.copy(movement.value);  // if you really need to keep one

Bindings

Every binding has a dot shorthand. A binding is always expected somewhere typed InputBinding<T> or InputBinding<T>? — Input.of, action.binding, descriptor.has, and a composite's own sources — and InputBinding carries one static per concrete binding, so the short form resolves in all of them. The action's value type comes from the factory's return type, so nothing writes a type argument:

final fire = Input.of(.trigger(.spacebar));
final move = Input.of(.vec2(up: .w, down: .s, left: .a, right: .d));
final attack = Input.of(
  .composite(.trigger(.leftMouseButton), .trigger(.spacebar)),
);

shorthand	binding
.trigger(key)	TriggerBinding
.vec2(up:, down:, left:, right:)	Vec2Binding
.axis(axis)	AxisBinding
.stick(x:, y:)	StickBinding
.mouse	MouseBinding
.contact	ContactBinding
.composite(primary, secondary, [...])	CompositeBinding
.compositeFromList(sources)	CompositeBinding.fromList

Either spelling builds the same object. The sections below spell the class out, because that is where each binding's own behaviour is explained.

A shorthand call is not const. A static method is not a constant expression, so a static const table of default bindings for a rebinding screen names the concrete class — which is also where copyWith and fromJson live. .mouse and .contact take no arguments and are constants.

TriggerBinding — one key, held or not

jump = descriptor.has<bool>(const TriggerBinding(InputKey.spacebar));
shoot = descriptor.has<bool>(const TriggerBinding(InputKey.leftMouseButton));

A mouse button binds exactly like a keyboard key — from an action's point of view there is no difference, both are one bit.

Vec2Binding — four keys composed into a vector

movement = descriptor.has<Vector2>(
  const Vec2Binding(
    up: InputKey.padLeftStickUp,
    down: InputKey.padLeftStickDown,
    left: InputKey.padLeftStickLeft,
    right: InputKey.padLeftStickRight,
  ),
);

up is +y

up contributes +1 to y and down −1, matching world space in both dimensions, so transformOffsetY += movement.value.y * speed moves the player the way the key is named. A game working in a y-down space swaps the two keys in the binding.

Analog sticks are thresholded here

The *Stick* directions are not buttons on any real pad — they are analog axes thresholded into held/not-held bits by the gamepad collector, which is what lets a Vec2Binding compose them at all. A stick half-pushed reads like a stick slammed. Bind the stick's axes instead when you want the displacement — StickBinding, below.

StickBinding — two axes composed into a vector

movement = descriptor.has<Vector2>(
  const StickBinding(x: InputAxis.padLeftStickX, y: InputAxis.padLeftStickY),
);

The proportional reading of the same stick: a stick half-pushed gives a vector half as long, where Vec2Binding over the *Stick* keys gives a full one. Components run −1..1 with 0 at rest, +1 up and +1 right, the same convention Vec2Binding follows.

Both readings of one physical stick are live at once — the collector writes the axes and the thresholded bits from a single event — so which one a game gets is which binding it declares. Nothing is normalized and no deadzone is applied: GamepadCollector.stickDeadzone shapes the bits and leaves the axes alone, because how an analog value should be shaped is the game's question.

AxisBinding — one axis as a double

throttle = descriptor.has<double>(const AxisBinding(InputAxis.padRightTrigger), 0.0);

A trigger bound as a TriggerBinding is pulled or not; bound as an axis it is pulled this far, 0..1. The default is spelled out because there is no type-level default for double — see Defaults.

There is no threshold in either analog binding

Both are actuated, and so fire pressed/released, whenever the value is off rest at all. On a pad whose stick rests a hair off centre that is always. Bind the thresholded *Stick* key, or a button, when the edge is what you want.

MouseBinding — pointer position

pointer = descriptor.has<CursorPosition>(const MouseBinding());

CursorPosition carries screenSpace (window coordinates), viewSpace (within the GameView's rect, which is the space to hit-test a HUD in) and the size of the view the pointer is currently over — carried alongside the position because with two views of different sizes on screen, "the view size" is only answerable relative to a pointer.

ContactBinding — fingers on the screen

contacts = descriptor.has<PointerContacts>(const ContactBinding());

A contact is one thing pressing on the screen: a finger, a stylus, or a mouse with a button held. PointerContacts is all of them for the current tick, indexed:

final pressing = contacts.value;
for (var i = 0; i < pressing.count; i++) {
  final contact = pressing[i];
  switch (contact.phase) {
    case PointerPhase.began:
      startDrag(contact.id, contact.viewSpace);
    case PointerPhase.held:
      moveDrag(contact.id, contact.viewSpace);
    case PointerPhase.ended:
    case PointerPhase.cancelled:
      endDrag(contact.id);
  }
}

Indexed and not for (final c in pressing): a for-in builds an iterator per tick, which is exactly the allocation this shape avoids. There is no Iterable here to make that mistake with.

Member	Meaning
id	Identifies the contact for its whole life, and is not reused
phase	began, held, ended or cancelled
kind	touch, stylus, mouse or other
screenSpace	Window coordinates
viewSpace	Coordinates inside the GameView — the space to hit-test in
isOver	ended or cancelled, the last tick this contact is reported

The list is ordered by id, which is the order the contacts started, so contacts.value[0] is the oldest one still pressing — "the finger", for a game that only wants one. The index is not stable: a contact ending moves the ones after it up a place. Follow a contact by its id.

Both the list and the PointerContact objects in it are scratch the action owns and refills each tick. Read what you need during the tick; a contact kept until the next one describes something else by then.

cancelled is not optional

A notification, an incoming call, the app losing focus, or a widget taking the gesture all end a contact with no lift behind it. A game that only ends a drag on ended leaves the player steering into a wall after a phone call, and nothing about testing by hand on a desk produces that. Handle cancelled wherever you handle ended; the position on a cancelled contact is where it was abandoned and says nothing about intent.

A mouse button held is a contact too, so a game written for fingers is playable with a mouse and testable without a phone. A game that has its own mouse controls skips ContactKind.mouse while reading — MouseBinding and the mouse-button keys already report that press.

Bound to an action, contacts press when the first contact lands and release when the last one leaves:

if (contacts.wasPressedThisFrame) wakeUp();

How many at once

Game.maxPointerContacts sizes the table — ten by default, which is every finger on two hands. A press arriving while every slot is live is dropped whole, so raise it if a game genuinely reads more:

class Tabletop extends Game {
  @override
  int get maxPointerContacts => 16;
}

It is read once, while the game is being constructed, because the raw block is sized from it and both isolate copies index the contact table by offsets computed from it.

What one fixed tick can see

The raw block is a latest-value snapshot sampled once per tick, so a contact that presses and lifts entirely between two ticks is reported once, with ended — its began tick never existed to be read. Fire a tap on the end for that reason, which is also when a real tap gesture fires.

Screen to world

A contact reports in window and view coordinates. Turning that into world coordinates needs the active camera, which is a goo2d component, so the projection lives there — PointerPickingSystem.projection is the same CameraProjection picking already inverts every tick:

final projection = getSystem<PointerPickingSystem>().projection;
final worldX = projection.viewToWorldX(contact.viewSpace.x);
final worldY = projection.viewToWorldY(contact.viewSpace.y);

That projection is resolved against the view the cursor is in, which is the right answer whenever one view is on screen. With several, ask game.viewOfContact(contact) which view the contact landed in and resolve a CameraProjection against that one — a contact is per finger, and two fingers can be in two views at once, which one cursor never is.

Raw contacts, not gestures

Two fingers into one Flutter GestureDetector's pan callbacks arrive as a single drag, because DragGestureRecognizer is mono-drag by construction — so a twin-stick scheme cannot be built on the gesture layer at all. Contacts come off a raw Listener instead, which also means they reach a game with no widget: a replay, a bot or a test writes them through game.inputDevice.

GameView does not claim the gesture arena. A GameView inside a ListView therefore reads a drag the list is also scrolling on. Claiming the arena would silence every Flutter gesture widget below the view, and in this engine a HUD is a descendant — so put interactive widgets in a Stack above the GameView, not inside it.

Two GameViews stacked over each other share one hit test, and the front one takes the pointer. GameView's Listener is translucent, so a finger over a HUD view drawn above a world view is handed to both; only the front-most view writes it. One finger is one contact however many views it passes through, and game.viewOfContact and game.pointerView both name the view it visibly landed in. A pointer outside the front view's box never reaches that view at all, so the one behind takes it as usual.

On-screen sticks and buttons are widgets

An on-screen joystick is a Flutter widget in that Stack, feeding game.inputDevice?.setVirtualAxis(...). A game reading a StickBinding cannot tell a thumb from a thumbstick, which is the point. JoystickArea and JoystickControl are that widget, written once — see On-screen sticks. Buttons are still the game's to draw.

Wrap those widgets in SafeArea so they stay clear of a home indicator. Do not wrap GameView in one: it takes its viewport from its constraints and feeds camera.setViewport, so wrapping it letterboxes the art. Full-bleed art with inset controls is the shape.

CompositeBinding — one action, several sources

attack = descriptor.has<bool>(
  CompositeBinding(
    const TriggerBinding(InputKey.spacebar),
    const TriggerBinding(InputKey.leftMouseButton),
  ),
);

move = descriptor.has<Vector2>(
  CompositeBinding(
    const StickBinding(x: InputAxis.padLeftStickX, y: InputAxis.padLeftStickY),
    const Vec2Binding(
      up: InputKey.w, down: InputKey.s,
      left: InputKey.a, right: InputKey.d,
    ),
  ),
);

Space or left click; the stick or WASD. Every source is an InputBinding<T> over the same T, so the composite is itself one binding of that type and the action is declared exactly as it would be with one source. Two to ten sources positionally, and CompositeBinding.fromList when the count is only known at run time — which is what a rebinding screen has:

attack.binding = CompositeBinding<bool>.fromList(<InputBinding<bool>>[
  for (final key in savedKeys) TriggerBinding(key),
]);

One action, one pair of edges. The composite is actuated while any source is, and the edges come off that one bit — so pressing the second source while the first is held does not re-fire wasPressedThisFrame, and the release fires once, when the last source goes up. Declaring two actions and ||-ing their edges instead is the shape to avoid: hold space, then click while still holding, and both fire on their own tick, so one intended attack swings twice.

Values merge, they do not take precedence

resolve folds the sources through InputBinding.combine, whose rule belongs to the value type: OR for bool, componentwise sum clamped to −1..1 for Vector2, furthest-from-rest for double.

held	reads
w + arrowRight	(1, 1) — the diagonal
w + arrowUp	(0, 1) — the clamp, not (0, 2)
a + arrowRight	(0, 0) — cancelling, as on one keyboard
stick at (0.5, 0) + w	(0.5, 1) — both devices, not one

"First actuated source wins" would read straight off the primary / secondary naming and lose the first row: w keeps the WASD source actuated, so the arrow key would do nothing and a player using both halves of the keyboard could not move diagonally.

MouseBinding is not a source

A device has one cursor, so "the pointer is at either of two places" is not a position. A composite asserts against it at declare time. Mouse buttons are ordinary TriggerBindings and compose like any other key.

This is the one binding that is not const: every source past the first needs somewhere to resolve into that is not the action's own storage, and the constructor makes those once, at declare time. Resolution itself allocates nothing. The sources stay const values, which is where it mattered.

On-screen sticks

Three widgets turn a finger into the virtual axes above. They are ordinary Flutter widgets on the main isolate, they draw no engine art, and the only engine thing they touch is the Game they are handed.

widget	what it reads	what it draws
JoystickArea	a finger anywhere in its box, centring the stick where the finger lands	nothing, until it is given a track or a thumb
JoystickControl	a finger on a stick fixed to its own box	the stick, always
Joystick	nothing	a stick at an offset the caller holds

A JoystickArea covering the left half of the screen turns that half into a touchpad and leaves the right half to the game:

Stack(
  children: [
    GameView(camera: camera),
    Positioned(
      left: 0,
      top: 0,
      bottom: 0,
      width: 160,
      child: JoystickArea(game: game),
    ),
    Positioned(
      right: 40,
      bottom: 40,
      width: 120,
      height: 120,
      child: JoystickControl(
        game: game,
        x: InputAxis.virtualRightStickX,
        y: InputAxis.virtualRightStickY,
      ),
    ),
  ],
)

The game reads that through a StickBinding naming the same two axes, and cannot tell the thumb from a thumbstick:

@override
void describeInputs(InputDescriptor input) {
  super.describeInputs(input);
  move = input.has<Vector2>(
    const StickBinding(x: .virtualLeftStickX, y: .virtualLeftStickY),
  );
}

The axis pair is the address

There is no stick number and no slot. A widget names the two VirtualAxis values it writes and a binding names the two it reads, so a typo is a compile error and two sticks are two axis pairs. virtualLeftStickX/Y is the default, which leaves virtualRightStickX/Y for the second one.

Two widgets naming one pair fight over it: the last event wins, and the reading flips between them.

The value is -1..1, and it is proportional

Half the travel reads a half, the same range StickBinding delivers and Joystick.thumbOffset takes, with +1 up to match the world's y. Past full travel the value clamps to the circle, so a diagonal at the edge has a magnitude of 1 and not 1.41.

JoystickArea.radius is the travel to full deflection in logical pixels, 64 by default, and also half the width of the stick it draws. JoystickControl takes its travel from its own box: half the shorter side, so the thumb reaches the track's edge as the axis reaches 1. Both need a bounded box and assert without one.

No deadzone and no response curve. The value is what the finger did; shaping is the game's, the same call AxisBinding and StickBinding make for hardware.

A finger can stop without lifting

A notification, an incoming call, or an ancestor winning the gesture arena ends a pointer with no up event behind it. All three widgets return the stick to rest on a cancel, on a lift, and on going away with a finger still down. A stick that waited for a lift would hold its direction until the app was restarted, which is the same hole PointerPhase.cancelled covers for contacts.

The first finger down owns the stick until it ends. A second one inside the same widget is ignored, so two thumbs cannot fight over one pair.

Drawing

JoystickArea and JoystickControl both take a track and a thumb widget, and paint a default disc and ring for whichever is left null. The thumb's position drives a repaint through a Listenable, so a drag rebuilds no widgets — a builder taking the offset would rebuild once per pointer event, and a drag produces them continuously.

Hit testing is opaque. A finger landing on a stick belongs to the stick and does not also reach the GameView underneath as a contact.

Wrap a stick in SafeArea when its edges have to stay reachable: a control at bottom: 40 sits under the home indicator on most phones. Do not wrap GameView in one — it takes its viewport from its constraints, so that letterboxes the art.

On-screen buttons are not here. A Listener around whatever art the game wants, calling game.inputDevice?.press and release, is the whole of one.

Keys

InputKey carries every key as a const:

• letters InputKey.a … InputKey.z, digits, function keys
• modifiers, arrows, navigation, numpad
• mouse: leftMouseButton, rightMouseButton, middleMouseButton, backMouseButton, forwardMouseButton
• gamepad: padA, padB, padLeftShoulder, padStart, the stick directions — and per-slot variants by calling one: InputKey.padA(1)

Keys are physical positions, not characters

InputKey.w is the key where a US-layout W sits, matched by USB HID usage. That choice is load-bearing twice over: a logical key changes when a modifier is held (shift+1 gives !), so a logical binding held across a shift press would see a release it never got and stick down — and a logical key changes with layout, so WASD would land on ZQSD for a French player.

The cost: InputKey.q.name describes the US-layout label, so a rebinding screen showing it to an AZERTY user names the key their keyboard prints "a" on.

Axes

InputAxis is the second vocabulary, over the same block: a key is a bit and an axis is a float32, so nothing that indexes bits could carry a half-pushed stick. It carries every axis as a const, and slots work exactly as they do for keys:

• gamepad: padLeftStickX, padLeftStickY, padRightStickX, padRightStickY, padLeftTrigger, padRightTrigger — and per-slot by calling one, InputAxis.padLeftStickX(2). Slot 0 is "any connected pad", and for an axis that means whichever seat is pushed furthest from rest.
• on-screen: virtualLeftStickX, virtualLeftStickY, virtualRightStickX, virtualRightStickY, which no engine system writes. The three widgets in On-screen sticks do, and so does anything else calling InputDevice.setVirtualAxis.

A widget drives the virtual ones through InputDevice.setVirtualAxis, and a binding cannot tell which kind of source filled a float in. So an on-screen joystick and a real thumbstick reach a StickBinding the same way, and swapping one for the other is a change of which axes it names.

Defaults

Every action needs a default, because there is a real window — before the first resolution, or with no GameView — where it has no value:

@override
void describeInputs(InputDescriptor input) {
  super.describeInputs(input);        // registers bool -> false, Vector2 -> zero
  input.hasDefaultValue<double>(0);   // a type-level default for your own T
  throttle = input.has<double>(binding, 0.5);   // this action's own default
}

super.describeInputs is @mustCallSuper because dropping the shipped defaults is a silent failure: nothing breaks at declaration time, and the game runs until the first read of an unbound action, which then throws.

The engine does not infer a default from T. Zero and false are real, meaningful values to a game, and inventing one turns a forgotten declaration into a number that is quietly wrong instead of an error that says so. Declaring the same type twice in one boot is an error, not a silent overwrite.

Events

@override
void onMounted() {
  super.onMounted();
  fire.pressed += (event) => shoot();
  fire.released += (event) => stopShooting();
}

+= is the subscription — the stream appends and returns itself, which the setter accepts back. Subscribe from onMounted, not from a tick: += in onFixedUpdate adds a subscriber sixty times a second.

Every GameSystem has onMounted; GameState.mount calls it on each of them once the game's own onMounted has returned.

-= removes one. It compares by ==, so a method tear-off can be removed by writing it again:

@override
void onMounted() {
  super.onMounted();
  fire.pressed += onFire;      // an ordinary instance method
}

void onFire(InputEvent<bool> event) => shoot();

void stopListening() => fire.pressed -= onFire;   // a different tear-off, equal

A closure cannot: two closures written the same way are never equal, so unsubscribing one means keeping the reference the += used.

Subscribing in the constructor body

A constructor body works too, and puts the subscription right under the declaration it belongs to:

class PlayerSystem extends GameSystem {
  final fire = Input.of(.trigger(.spacebar));

  new() {
    fire.pressed += onFire;
  }

  void onFire(InputEvent<bool> event) => shoot();
}

new() { … } is the unnamed constructor; PlayerSystem() { … } is the same declaration spelled the older way and works identically.

Prefer this when the action is declared on a field, which is the normal case. Use onMounted when it is declared in describeInputs instead — that makes it a late final, and a constructor body runs long before the hook does, so reading it there throws.

Rebinding

An action's binding is a plain settable property, which is the whole point of the indirection:

jump.binding = const TriggerBinding(InputKey.enter);
jump.binding = null;                    // unbound: reads its default, fires nothing

Takes effect on the next resolution, so a rebind never changes what a tick already in progress sees. An unbound action is a legitimate declared state, not an error — it is exactly what an action the player has not assigned a key to should do.

Rebinding while the old binding is held produces a released on the next resolution, so every pressed stays paired. Unbinding entirely does not — an unbound action fires nothing by definition, so a press outstanding at that moment goes unanswered. If that matters, unbind from the released handler.

Saving bindings

Bindings serialise, which is what a rebinding screen needs:

final json = jump.binding!.toJson();
jump.binding = TriggerBinding.fromJson(json);

// A composite is restored the same way, with its value type written out.
final saved = attack.binding!.toJson();
attack.binding = CompositeBinding.fromJson<bool>(saved);

Keys serialise by name, not by index, so a saved binding survives a reordering of the key table.

fromJson is a static on the concrete binding rather than a lookup, because a restore site already knows which action it is restoring — it is the one that declared it. A composite is the exception that proves it: its children are heterogeneous by design, so it writes a kind tag around each one and dispatches on that when it reads them back. The tags are the composite's own format; every other binding's JSON is unchanged.

Gamepads

Gamepads are collected per slot and normalised onto a standard Xbox-style layout. game.gamepads exposes the collector.

A bare InputKey.padA is slot 0, meaning "any connected pad" — which is what a single-player game wants. Calling it selects a seat: InputKey.padA(1) is the A button on the first real controller, and there are three seats plus the aggregate.

p1Jump = descriptor.has<bool>(TriggerBinding(InputKey.padA(1)));
p2Jump = descriptor.has<bool>(TriggerBinding(InputKey.padA(2)));

A slotted key is built at run time instead of being a const, so two calls produce two instances — they compare equal by id, which is what a rebinding screen comparing a saved key against a declared one needs.

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